Male-Factor Infertility and ICSI: A Clinical Decision Framework
Male-factor infertility means sperm quantity or quality limits natural or IVF conception; ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) is the technique of placing a single sperm directly into the egg. ICSI is clearly indicated for severe male factor, previous fertilization failure, or surgically retrieved sperm — but for mild male factor or unexplained infertility, routine ICSI is…